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| Medicago lupulina | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Medicago |
| Species: | M. lupulina
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| Binomial name | |
| Medicago lupulina | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Medicago lupulina, commonly known as black medick, nonesuch, or hop clover, is a plant of dry grassland belonging to Fabaceae, the legume or clover family. It is native to the Old World and has been naturalized elsewhere.
Names
[edit]The generic name Medicago is derived, via Latin medica, from Ancient Greek Μηδική (Mēdikḗ) "Median", because alfalfa (in the same genus).[2] was believed to have been introduced from the region of Media (now in Iran) in antiquity. The specific name lupulina means "wolf-like", and refers to the hop, or willow-wolf. Its scientific name is a translation of the common name hop clover (or hop-clover), which is also used for several members of the genus Trifolium.[3][4]
Also spelled "medic" or "meddick", the plant is known by a number of alternate names, including nonesuch, black nonesuch, black medic clover, hop clover, hop medic, black clover, black hay, blackweed, English trefoil, hop trefoil, and yellow trefoil. Some of these names are also applied to wildflowers of the related genera Trifolium and Melilotus.[5][6][7][8]
Description
[edit]Medicago lupulina is an annual or short-lived perennial plant,[9]: 168 growing each year from adventitious buds on the roots. Mature plants measure from 15 to 80 centimetres (6 to 31 in) in height, with fine stems often lying flat at the beginning of growth and later erecting. The leaves are compound, each with three oval leaflets, carried on a short petiole; the center leaflet usually has a longer petiole.[10][3] The leaflets are hairy, toothed toward the tip, and differ from those of the similar Trifolium dubium in that they end in a short point.[11][9]: 175
The species has small (2–3 millimetre)[9] yellow flowers grouped in tight bunches (compact racemes). On larger plants the flower heads may reach 8 mm (5⁄16 in) or more.[3] The fruit is a single-seeded pod, 1.5 to 3 mm in diameter,[9] that does not open upon maturation, but hardens and turns black when ripe. Each pod contains a single amber-colored seed.[10]
Like other legumes, the roots contain nodules hosting nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants that survive for more than one year may develop a deep tap root.[10]
Similar species
[edit]Medicago plants are closely related to the true clovers (Trifolium) and sweet clover (Melilotus). Like the true clovers, M. lupulina has three leaflets and a small, yellow flower closely resembling those of T. dubium (lesser hop trefoil). Other examples include T. campestre (hop trefoil), T. aureum (large hop trefoil), and Oxalis stricta (yellow woodsorrel).
Distribution and habitat
[edit]A native of the Old World, the species is found throughout Europe, north Africa, the Near East, and most of Asia, including India, China, and Korea. It is naturalized in central Asia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, and much of South America.[5] It is found throughout the US, including Hawaii and Alaska.[6]
The plant thrives in dry to moist, well-drained soils[12] containing sand, loam, or clay, and is a pioneer plant, often growing on disturbed ground. It grows in alkaline, neutral, and mildly acidic conditions. It does not grow in shady areas.[13] It grows well in limestone soils and on coastal sand dunes, where it suffers less competition from the other plants, and as such is found on many islands, such as Taiwan, the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.[5] It is resistant to cold and can be found on mountains up to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea level.[citation needed]
Uses
[edit]Black medick is a good source of nectar for bees to use to make honey. It may be planted in order to create artificial meadows, especially on dry land. The presence of the species in large concentrations as a lawn weed may indicate that the soil is poor in nitrogen. However, because it and other clovers fix nitrogen in the soil, this deficiency can improve over time due to the presence of these plants.[5][14]
The species is sometimes used as a fodder plant. Its hardiness and ability to grow in poor soils, as well as its tendency to fix nitrogen in the soil, make it a good choice for pasturage, although its fodder value is limited.[5] It is grazed by sheep but is not very palatable to cattle.[15]
Photographs
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Flower -
Leaves and flowers -
Flowers wilting after pollination -
unripe seed pods (green) -
ripe seed pods (black) -
seeds next to US dime for scale -
Root with nodules -
an entire uprooted plant
Illustrations
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Color plate: M. arabica top; M. lupulina bottom. -
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References
[edit]- ^ "Medicago lupulina L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Venning, Frank D. (1984), Wildflowers of North America, Golden Field Guide, St. Martin's Press
- ^ a b c "Medicago lupulina", Flora of Wisconsin, Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Madison, retrieved 14 June 2015
- ^ "Medicago lupulina", Plants of Wisconsin, Robert W. Freckmann Arboretum, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, archived from the original on 2013-05-10, retrieved 2015-06-15
- ^ a b c d e "Medicago lupulina", Germplasm Resources Information Network, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, retrieved 14 June 2015
- ^ a b "Medicago lupulina", Integrated Taxonomic Information System, retrieved 14 June 2015
- ^ James Britten (1886), A Dictionary of English Plant-names, vol. 15, Richard Clay & Sons
- ^ Jacobson, Arthur Lee (1995), "Black Medick"
- ^ a b c d Stace, C. A. (2010), New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521707725
- ^ a b c "Black Medic", Forage Information System, Oregon State University, retrieved 14 June 2015[permanent dead link]
- ^ Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003), Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora., London: A & C Black, p. 148, ISBN 978-1408179505
- ^ "Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora: Medicago lupulina". Biological Records Centre and Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
- ^ "Medicago lupulina", Plants for a Future, retrieved 14 June 2015
- ^ Clark, Andy (ed.), "Medics" (PDF), Managing Cover Crops Profitably (3rd ed.), Beltsville, Maryland: Sustainable Agriculture Network, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05, retrieved 14 June 2015
- ^ Heuzé, V.; Thiollet, H.; Tran, G.; Hassoun, P.; Lebas, F. (2018), "Black medic (Medicago lupulina)", Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO
External links
[edit]
- Entry in the Linnean herbarium
- A mention in 1866 from the Correspondence of Charles Darwin: "Several years ago I protected Medicago lupulina from insects, & its fertility was much impaired, but not wholly prevented."
- WeedAlert.com's listing for Medicago lupulina
- Effect of Black Medic Cover Crop on N Supplying Power of Prairie Soils (Archived 2019-02-04 at the Wayback Machine)
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