Source: Wikipedia
| Arthraxon hispidus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
| Genus: | Arthraxon |
| Species: | A. hispidus
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| Binomial name | |
| Arthraxon hispidus | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
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Synonymy
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Arthraxon hispidus,[3] is a grass commonly known as small carpetgrass, hairy jointgrass, joint-head grass,[4] jointhead arthraxon,[5] small carp grass,[6] and creek grass.[6] It is native to East Asia and Australia. It was accidentally introduced to the United States, Central America, and South America,[7] where it is considered an invasive species.[8]
Description
[edit]Arthraxon hispidus is grass that is characterized by ovate or lanceolate shaped leaves with cordate bases that are 2.5-7.6 cm (1-3 in) long and 0.5-1.27 cm (0.2-0.5 in) wide. Its leaf stems and margins are hairy. It is 0.3-0.6 m (1-2 ft) tall with hairless, upright stems. It can spread by rooting at the nodes on its stem if they touch the ground and can spread easily this way. It fruits in caryopses, similar to other grain-like grasses, which may or may not contain awns depending on the subspecies. Its flowering and fruiting time is September through November. The upper glume is purple while the lower glume is green.[9][10][11][12]
It may be confused for deertongue panicgrass (Dicanthelium clandestinum)[13] or for Oplismenus aemulus.[14] Arthraxon hispidus is distinguished from D. clandestinum due to its shorter height and leaves as well as the presence of marginal hairs.[13] Arthraxon hispidus is distinguished from O. aemulus by its digitate and subdigitate inflorescence.[15]
Taxonomy
[edit]Arthraxon hispidus is highly variable, causing some researchers to consider there to be separate subspecies of the plant while others defend its single-species status. Current subspecies of A. hispidus are based on awn presence or absence.
Some researchers have justified the recognition of a single species (with no subspecies) by stating that proposed subspecies lack enough defining characteristics or geographical separation to be considered separate. They propose that the natural variation of Arthraxon hispidus can be explained by environmental differences across the species range.[16]
Distribution and Habitat
[edit]Arthraxon hispidus grows in moist, sunny environments and can be found in riparian, wetland, or floodplain areas across Asia and Australia, specifically New South Wales and Queensland.[17][18] The seeds of A. hispidus can be distributed and carried by water in its habitat.[19]
The germination of A. hispidus is rapid (about three days) and with few limiting factors. It has proven to have high temperature (8-37 degrees Celsius) and pH (5-10) tolerance in germination. It is not known to germinate well in a wide range of salinity, with drought, or when buried more than 1-2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) deep.[20]
Similar to other Australian fire-adapted plants, fire has been suggested to promote germination. Fire is not a necessary disturbance for A. hispidus to recruit in Australia, but it is believed that A. hispidus is resistant to variable weather patterns.[21]
Uses
[edit]In Asia, Arthraxon hispidus has a history of being used in traditional medicines as well as dyes.[22]
In traditional medicine, it has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma.[22] 7-methoxy-luteolin-8-C-β-6-deoxy-xylo-pyranos-3-uloside (mLU8C-PU) has been isolated from A. hispidus, which may be valuable in the treatment of tumor cells, as with other luteolins.[23]
Arthraxon hispidus has been used in the production of a yellow silk cloth, kihachijo, which is associated with Hachijo Island and its kimonos. Identified dye components of the flavonoid C-glycosides include luteolin 8-C-rhamnoside, apigenin 8-C-rhamnoside, and tricin are responsible for the yellow color produced.[24]
Invasive status and management
[edit]In the United States, Arthraxon hispidus is considered an invasive weed. It was first discovered in the United States in Virginia in the 1930s and was thought to be introduced accidentally or possibly by immigrants from Asia.[25][26] It now exists in at least 25 US states[27] and is recognized as an invasive species by many of those states.[26] As an invasive species, it is explicitly forbidden in Connecticut and New York.[28]
Management of Arthraxon hispidus includes mowing, hand-weeding, or glyphosate-based herbicide application. It is recommended to begin management or control practices of A. hispidus before it produces seeds,[29][27] due to its rapid germination.
In Australia, Arthraxon hispidus is considered a threatened species. There is uncertainty about the natural plant community of the species due to a long history of human development. It grows most successfully with other native New South Wales species and grows well in the region of Australia's northern coast.[30]
References
[edit]- ^ "Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 February 2016 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ "WFO Plant List | World Flora Online". wfoplantlist.org. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ "Arthraxon hispidus | International Plant Names Index". ipni.org. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ NRCS. "Arthraxon hispidus". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 5 February 2014.
- ^ "small carpetgrass, joint-head grass: Arthraxon hispidus (Cyperales: Poaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ a b "Invasive Species Spotlight: Small Carpetgrass (Arthraxon hispidus) | Brandywine Conservancy and Museum of Art". www.brandywine.org. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ "Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ "Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Plants to Watch". www.invasive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Plants to Watch". www.invasive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "small carpetgrass, joint-head grass: Arthraxon hispidus (Cyperales: Poaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Kiger, Robert W. (1971). "Arthraxon Hispidus (gramineae) in the United States: Taxonomic and Floristic Status". Rhodora. 73 (793): 39–46. ISSN 0035-4902.
- ^ "Species profile—Arthraxon hispidus". Queensland Government.
- ^ a b "Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Plants to Watch". www.invasive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Species profile—Arthraxon hispidus". Queensland Government.
- ^ "small carpetgrass, joint-head grass: Arthraxon hispidus (Cyperales: Poaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Kiger, Robert W. (1971). "Arthraxon Hispidus (gramineae) in the United States: Taxonomic and Floristic Status". Rhodora. 73 (793): 39–46. ISSN 0035-4902.
- ^ "Arthraxon hispidus (Creek Grass, Hairy Jointgrass, Joint-head Grass, Small Carpetgrass, Small Carp Grass) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Species profile—Arthraxon hispidus". Queensland Government.
- ^ "Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Plants to Watch". www.invasive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Beall, Michael C.; Barney, Jacob N.; Welbaum, Gregory E.; Reid, J. Leighton (2024-06-04). "Implications of germination tolerances on invasion potential of Arthraxon hispidus". PLoS One. 19 (6): e0303638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303638. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 11149838. PMID 38833460.
- ^ White, Laura; Catterall, Claudia; Taffs, Kathryn (2020-10-20). "Fire can promote germination, recruitment and seed bank accumulation of the threatened annual grass Arthraxon hispidus". Australian Journal of Botany. 68 (6): 413–424. doi:10.1071/BT20004. ISSN 1444-9862.
- ^ a b Quan, Gui-Hua; Chae, Hee-Sung; Song, Hyuk Hwan; Ahn, Kyoung-Seop; Lee, Hyeong-Kyu; Kim, Young-Ho; Oh, Sei-Ryang; Chin, Young-Won (2013). "Anti-allergic Flavones from Arthraxon hispidus". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 61 (9): 920–926. doi:10.1248/cpb.c13-00239.
- ^ Kim SooJin, et al. "7-methoxy-luteolin-8-C-β-6-deoxy-xylo-pyranos-3-uloside exactly (mLU8C-PU) isolated from Arthraxon hispidus inhibits migratory and invasive responses mediated via downregulation of MMP-9 and IL-8 expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells." (2018): 1143-1152.
- ^ Mouri, Chika; Laursen, Richard (2011-10-14). "Identification and partial characterization of C-glycosylflavone markers in Asian plant dyes using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 1218 (41): 7325–7330. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.048. ISSN 0021-9673.
- ^ "Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas: Plants to Watch". www.invasive.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ a b "small carpetgrass, joint-head grass: Arthraxon hispidus (Cyperales: Poaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". www.invasiveplantatlas.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ a b "Arthraxon hispidus (Creek Grass, Hairy Jointgrass, Joint-head Grass, Small Carpetgrass, Small Carp Grass) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "USDA Plants Database". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
- ^ "Plant Details – Tennessee Invasive Plant Council". Retrieved 2024-10-25.
- ^ White, Laura; Catterall, Claudia; Taffs, Kathryn (2019-08-29). "The habitat and management of hairy jointgrass (Arthraxon hispidus, Poaceae) on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia". Pacific Conservation Biology. 26 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1071/PC19017. ISSN 2204-4604.
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