From Wikipedia
Open on Wikipedia
| Circaea canadensis | |
|---|---|
| |
| In Fairfax County, Virginia | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | Circaea |
| Species: | C. canadensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Circaea canadensis | |
| Subspecies[1] | |
| |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
|
List
| |
Circaea canadensis, known as eastern enchanter's nightshade, Canada enchanter's nightshade, broad-leaved enchanter's nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant found in forests of eastern North America.[4][5][6][7] It is very similar to its sister species, Circaea lutetiana, and was formerly considered conspecific (part of the same species).
Taxonomy
[edit]Circaea canadensis was considered a variety of Circaea lutetiana by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. In 1765 the botanist John Hill published a description of it as a species creating its accepted name. It is classified in the genus Circaea within the Onagraceae family. According to Plants of the World Online it has two accepted subspecies[1]
- Circaea canadensis subsp. canadensis
- Circaea canadensis subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Boufford
It has 13 synonyms of the species or one of its subspecies.[1][2][3]
| Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circaea canadensis var. virginiana Fernald | 1945 | variety | subsp. canadensis | = het. |
| Circaea latifolia Hill | 1756 | species | subsp. canadensis | = het., opus utique oppr. |
| Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus | 1870 | subspecies | C. canadensis | ≡ hom. |
| Circaea lutetiana var. canadensis L. | 1753 | variety | C. canadensis | ≡ hom. |
| Circaea lutetiana subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Asch. & Magnus | 1870 | subspecies | subsp. quadrisulcata | ≡ hom. |
| Circaea lutetiana f. quadrisulcata Maxim. | 1859 | form | subsp. quadrisulcata | ≡ hom. |
| Circaea maximowiczii (H.Lév.) H.Hara | 1934 | species | subsp. quadrisulcata | = het., nom. illeg. |
| Circaea maximowiczii var. viridicalyx H.Hara | 1934 | variety | subsp. quadrisulcata | = het. |
| Circaea maximowiczii f. viridicalyx (H.Hara) Kitag. | 1939 | form | subsp. quadrisulcata | = het. |
| Circaea mollis var. maximowiczii H.Lév. | 1912 | variety | subsp. quadrisulcata | = het. |
| Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. | 1873 | species | subsp. quadrisulcata | ≡ hom. |
| Circaea quadrisulcata subsp. canadensis (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve | 1982 | subspecies | C. canadensis | ≡ hom. |
| Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) H.Hara | 1939 | variety | C. canadensis | ≡ hom. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym | ||||
-
Growth form and flowers
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ a b "Circaea canadensis subsp. canadensis". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ a b "Circaea canadensis subsp. quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Boufford". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
- ^ "Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- ^ "Circaea canadensis (Linnaeus) Hill". data.canadensys.net. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- ^ Weakley, Alan S. (2018), Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States, working draft of 20 August 2018, University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- ^ "Circaea canadensis". michiganflora.net. Retrieved 2020-01-11.