Source: Wikipedia
| Clintonia umbellulata | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lilioideae |
| Genus: | Clintonia |
| Species: | C. umbellulata
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| Binomial name | |
| Clintonia umbellulata | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Synonymy
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Clintonia umbellulata, commonly known as white clintonia or speckled wood-lily,[3][4] is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The specific epithet umbellulata means "umbelled," which refers to the shape of the plant’s inflorescence.
Description
[edit]Clintonia umbellulata is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by means of underground rhizomes. A plant stands 27 to 60 cm (11 to 24 in) tall with 2–4 dark green leaves, each 18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 in) long and 4.5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 in) wide. The inflorescence is a single terminal umbel with 10–25(–30) outward-facing flowers on a flowering stalk up to 50 cm (20 in) high. Each flower has six tepals and six stamens. The tepals are white or greenish white, often marked with purplish brown or green speckles, each tepal being 5.5 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long and 2.7 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) wide. The stamens are 60% longer than the tepals. The fruits are black (occasionally ultramarine blue) berries, each 6 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long with 2–4 seeds per berry. Each seed is approximately 3.5 mm (0.1 in) long.[4][5][6]
Similar species
[edit]Because of their proximity, Clintonia umbellulata and C. borealis are often confused. The following table compares the two species character by character (with diagnostic characters emphasized):[4][7]
| Clintonia umbellulata | Clintonia borealis | |
|---|---|---|
| Habitat | Hardwood forests less than 1,000 m (3,281 ft) | Mixed forests up to 1,600 m (5,249 ft) |
| Height | Plant stands 27 to 60 cm (11 to 24 in) tall | Plant stands 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in) tall |
| Leaves | Leaves 3–4, blade dark green, each leaf 18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 in) long and 4.5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 in) wide | Leaves 2–4, blade dark glossy green, each leaf 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) wide |
| Flower buds | A tight cluster of spherical buds | A loose cluster of elongate buds |
| Inflorescence | Terminal umbel, 10–25(–30) outward-facing flowers | Terminal raceme, 3–8(–10) nodding flowers |
| Flowers | Tepals white or greenish white, often marked with purplish brown or green speckles, each tepal 5.5 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long and 2.7 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) wide; filaments 5.5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long; anthers approximately 4.5 mm (0.2 in) long | Tepals yellow or yellowish green, each tepal 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long and 3.5 to 4.5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) wide; filaments 12 to 17.5 mm (0.5 to 0.7 in) long; anthers approximately 3 mm (0.1 in) long |
| Fruits | Berries black (occasionally ultramarine blue), globose to ellipsoid, each berry 6 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long; seeds 2–4 per berry, each seed approximately 3.5 mm (0.1 in) long | Berries ultramarine blue (rarely white), ovoid, each berry 8 to 12 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long; seeds 8–16 per berry, each seed approximately 4 mm (0.2 in) long |
Based on morphological characters alone, bare-leaved plants may be difficult to identify. In this case, Clintonia umbellulata is distinguished from C. borealis by the presence of hairs longer than 1 millimeter on the underside midvein.[citation needed]
C. umbellulata has numerous look-alikes. For example, the inflorescence of the small white leek (Allium tricoccum) is very similar in appearance. To distinguish the two, look at the leaves. The leaves of A. tricoccum have usually wilted by the time the plant is in full bloom while the leaves of C. umbellulata remain throughout the summer months.
Taxonomy
[edit]In 1803, André Michaux described the species Convallaria umbellulata Michx.,[8] a name that was to become a synonym for Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong. The latter was first described by Thomas Morong in 1894.[9]
In 1933, John Kunkel Small described the segregate species Xeniatrum umbellulatum,[5] a distinction that did not persist. Numerous other synonyms are in use. Perhaps the best known is Clintonia alleghaniensis Harned,[10] which unlike C. umbellulata has ultramarine blue (not black) fruit. It is known to occur at a number of sites in Virginia, Maryland, and West Virginia.[11]
Distribution
[edit]Clintonia umbellulata is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, from New York to Georgia.[2][12] Counties where the species is known to occur are listed below:
- New York: Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Livingston, Wyoming
- Ohio: Ashland, Ashtabula, Columbiana, Coshocton, Harrison, Holmes, Jefferson, Mahoning, Portage, Summit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Wayne
- Pennsylvania: Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Blair, Butler, Cambria, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Crawford, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Lawrence, Mercer, Somerset, Venango, Warren, Washington, Westmoreland
- Maryland: Allegany, Garrett
- West Virginia: Barbour, Braxton, Fayette, Grant, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hardy, Kanawha, Lincoln, Logan, Marion, McDowell, Mercer, Mineral, Mingo, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Preston, Randolph, Ritchie, Summers, Tucker, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, Wyoming
- Virginia: Albemarle, Alleghany, Amherst, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Bland, Botetourt, Buchanan, Carroll, Craig, Dickenson, Floyd, Franklin, Giles, Grayson, Greene, Henry, Highland, Lee, Madison, Montgomery, Nelson, Page, Patrick, Pulaski, Rappahannock, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Russell, Scott, Smyth, Tazewell, Warren, Washington, Wise, Wythe
- Kentucky: Bell, Breathitt, Clay, Harlan, Jackson, Laurel, Lee, Letcher, Menifee, Morgan, Perry, Powell, Rockcastle, Rowan, Wolf
- Tennessee: Blount, Campbell, Carter, Cocke, Cumberland, Greene, Hawkins, Johnson, Monroe, Morgan, Polk, Rhea, Sequatchie, Sevier, Sullivan, Unicoi
- North Carolina: Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Madison, McDowell, Mitchell, Polk, Rutherford, Surry, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga, Wilkes, Yancey
- South Carolina: Greenville, Oconee, Pickens
- Georgia: Gilmer, Habersham, Lumpkin, Murray, Rabun, Towns, Union, White
The range of C. umbellulata apparently overlaps with that of C. borealis throughout the Appalachian Mountains.[12][13] (Counties where both species are known to occur are shown above in bold.) Actually C. umbellulata and C. borealis are allopatric,[4] that is, the ranges of the two species do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to one another.
C. umbellulata is globally secure,[1] rare and imperiled in New York,[14] and endangered in Ohio.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Clintonia umbellulata". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Clintonia umbellulata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Clintonia umbellulata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 August 2020 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b Small, John Kunkel (1933). "Xeniatrum umbellulatum". Manual of the Southeastern Flora. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press: 296. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ Horn, Dennis; Tavia Cathcart; Thomas E Hemmerly; et al., eds. (2005). Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley and the Southern Appalachians. Auburn, Washington: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 412. ISBN 978-1-55105-428-5.
- ^ Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Clintonia borealis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2020 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Michaux, André (1803). "Convallaria umbellulata". Flora Boreali-Americana. 1: 202. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ Morong, Thomas (1894). "Clintonia umbellulata". Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 5 (8): 114. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ Harned, Joseph Edward (1931). Wild Flowers of the Alleghanies. p. 117.
- ^ Weakley, Alan S. (21 May 2015). "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States" (PDF). p. 180. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ a b " Clintonia umbellulata". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ " Clintonia borealis". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Young, Stephen M. (November 2020). "New York Rare Plant Status Lists" (PDF). New York Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
- ^ "Rare Native Ohio Plants: 2018-19 Status List" (PDF). Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
External links
[edit]
- "Clintonia umbellulata". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 24 August 2020.