Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)

Little grebe
Two adults in breeding plumage, below with feathers pressed against the body, for low buoyancy
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Podicipediformes
Family:	Podicipedidae
Genus:	Tachybaptus
Species:	T. ruficollis
Binomial name
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas, 1764)
Breeding   Year-round   Non-breeding
Synonyms
Podiceps ruficollis

The little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), also known as the dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek takhus "fast" and bapto "to sink under". The specific ruficollis is from Latin rufus "red" and Modern Latin -collis, "-necked", itself derived from Latin collum "neck".^[2]

At 23 to 29 centimetres (9 to 11+1⁄2 inches) in length it is the smallest European member of its family. It is commonly found in open bodies of water across most of its range.

The little grebe was formally described in a sales catalogue by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1764 under the binomial name Colymbus ruficollis.^[3][4] The type locality is the Netherlands.^[5] The specific epithet is Modern Latin meaning "red-necked", from Latin rufus meaning "red", "ruddy" or "rufous" and Modern Latin -collis meaning "-necked".^[6] The little grebe is now one of five species placed in the genus Tachybaptus that was introduced in 1789 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin.

Ten subspecies are currently accepted, four widespread, and six with restricted ranges; they are separated principally by size, eye colour, which varies from dark to light from west to east, and extent of white on the secondary feathers of the wing, which varies from none in temperate northern regions, to extensive white in tropical regions.^[7][8][9]

Summer	Winter	Scientific name	Distribution	Notes
Brussels, Belgium	Lac de Tunis, Tunisia	T. r. ruficollis Pallas, 1764	nominate, Europe to western Asia, south to northern Africa; northeast European birds migratory, others resident.	Eye dark brown; secondaries with no or minimal white.
Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India	Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India	T. r. albescens (Blanford, 1877)	Southern and central Asia from Turkmenistan to southern Kazakhstan, south to Sri Lanka, and east through Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh to Myanmar; central Asian birds migratory, south Asian birds resident.	Eye orange to yellow; bill short; secondaries with extensive white.
Al Jahra, Kuwait	Kuwait	T. r. iraquensis (Ticehurst, 1923)	Tigris–Euphrates river system in southeastern Iraq, southwestern Iran, and Kuwait; resident.	Eye dark brown; bill short; secondaries with extensive white.
Marievale, Gauteng, South Africa	Marievale, Gauteng, South Africa	T. r. capensis (Salvadori, 1884)	Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, Comoros.	Eye reddish brown; secondaries with extensive white.
Sakai, Osaka, Japan	Kihoku, Mie Prefecture, Japan	T. r. poggei (Reichenow, 1902)	Eastern Asia, in China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and the south Kuril Islands.	Eye pale yellow to white; bill long; secondaries with no or minimal white.
		T. r. philippensis (Bonnaterre, 1790)	Northern Philippines (Luzon and nearby islands), Borneo.	Eye pale yellow to white; bill long; secondaries with white.
		T. r. cotabato (Rand, 1948)	Southern Philippines (Mindanao).	Eye pale yellow to white; bill long; secondaries with white.
		T. r. vulcanorum (Rensch, B, 1929)	Java to Tanimbar Islands
		T. r. tricolor (Gray, GR, 1861)	Sulawesi to New Guinea and Lesser Sunda Islands
		T. r. collaris (Mayr, E, 1945))	northeastern New Guinea to Bougainville Island (northern Solomon Islands

The last three subspecies in the above table, vulcanorum, tricolor and collaris, have sometimes been treated as a separate species, the tricolored grebe.^[10]

The little grebe is a small water bird with a pointed bill. The adult is unmistakable in summer, predominantly dark above with its rich, rufous colour neck, cheeks and flanks, and bright yellow gape. The rufous is replaced by a dirty brownish grey in non-breeding and juvenile birds.

Juvenile birds have a yellow bill with a small black tip, and black and white streaks on the cheeks and sides of the neck as seen below. This yellow bill darkens as the juveniles age, eventually turning black in adulthood.

In winter, its size, buff plumage, with a darker back and cap, and "powder puff" rear end enable easy identification of this species. The little grebe's breeding call, given singly or in duet, is a trilled repeated weet-weet-weet or wee-wee-wee which sounds like a horse whinnying.

This bird breeds in small colonies in heavily vegetated areas of freshwater lakes across Europe, much of Asia down to New Guinea, and most of Africa. Most birds move to more open or coastal waters in winter, but it is only migratory in those parts of its range where the waters freeze. Outside of breeding season, it moves into more open water, occasionally even appearing on the coast in small bays.^[1]

The little grebe is an excellent swimmer and diver and pursues its fish and aquatic invertebrate prey underwater. It uses the vegetation skilfully as a hiding place.

Like all grebes, it nests at the water's edge, since its legs are set very far back and it cannot walk well. Usually four to seven eggs are laid. When the adult bird leaves the nest it usually takes care to cover the eggs with weeds. This makes it less likely to be detected by predators.^[11] The young leave the nest and can swim soon after hatching, and chicks are often carried on the backs of the swimming adults.^[12] In India, the species breeds during the rainy season.^[13]

• 
  T. r. ruficollis in Spain; no white in the wing
• 
  T. r. poggei in Japan; no white in the wing
• 
  T. r. albescens in India; extensive white in the wing
• 
  Nest at edge of lake in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
• 
  Grebe displaying its webbed feet
• 
  Diving at Delta del Llobregat, Barcelona
• 
  Chick
• 
  Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

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